SOCIOLOGY NOTES
Sociology Definition:
Auguste Comte:
Sociology is the study of Society.
Max Weber:
Sociology is the study of social action.
Emile Durkheim:
Sociology is the study of social facts through Social institution.
Kimball and Young:
Sociology is the study of human behavior in groups.
Simmel:
Sociology is the study of Social Groups on the basis of Social interaction.
Sociology as a science:
1:
Science as knowledge
2:
Science as a Method
3: Science as a Toll
1: Science as a knowledge:
Science is systematic body of knowledge covering both theory and facts and
verify knowledge which is secured by Scientific Investigation. As a knowledge
it include Concepts, Interrelationship of concepts and explanation of these concepts,
Prediction on the basis of Explanation.
2: Science as a Method:
Scientific method may be having characteristics of Verification, observation, Hypothesis
and measurement. These are stages through with we can pass the scientific
method.
Science as a Toll: Techniques
and Tolls are different in physical science than social science. These tolls
are more exact and precise in physical science. These tolls are microscope and
telescope.
SOCIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE: Science
as a knowledge, we have concepts. Sociology has its own concepts like Role,status,personality,society
and group.These concepts are interlinked with one another.Science as a
method,we have conversed about event that may be accepted or rejected on the
basis of observation.
Sociology is a science because Sociology use
scientific method and procedures.These are:
i)
Statement of the Problem
ii)
Universe and scope of the study
iii)
Purposes of the study
iv) Objectives
of the study
iv)
Hypothesis
v)
Methodology
a)
Sampling/Case study/Survey
b)
Tools of data collection
vi)
Construction of Questionnaire
vii)
Data Collection
ix) Data
presentation
x) Data
budgeting
xi) Cost
budgeting
xii) Report
writing
The above steps are followed by Scientific
methods which are utilized by sociology. Therefore we can say that Sociology is
the scientific Discipline or Sociology is as a science.
Scope
of Sociology:
1: Scope of sociology in Knowledge
2: Scope of Sociology in Profession
1: Scope of Sociology in Knowledge:
In this field of knowledge, sociologists get the information or knowledge about
the society and social interaction which is the basic and primary aim of sociologists.
They are required that how to know the social problems and to get solve them.It
is possible for them only on the basis of Scientific knowledge. The specialized
field of Sociology which give knowledge to the students about all the aspects
of human life in the society, these field are given below:
i)
Urban Sociology
ii)
Rural Sociology
iii)
Medical Sociology
iv)
Sociology of Education
v)
Sociology of Religion
vi)
Sociology of family
vii)
Political Sociology
viii)
Economical Sociology
ix)
Criminology
x)
Industrial Sociology
xi)
Social Psychology
xii)
Sociology of social problems
xiii)
Social change and development
2:Scope in Profession:
i)
Teaching
ii)
Research
iii)
Administration
i)TEACHING:A
person who get knowledge become qualified.These qualified persons utilize their
skills in community or in society as a teacher.The students get knowledge from
Qualified person in the field of research and survey .The teaching profession
serves to spread knowledge about culture and society and to trained students
for community development.
ii)RESEARCH:The
qualified persons are also involved in the field of research.They utilize their
skills in governmental and non-governmental organizations.They work to detect
serious problems and their factors and also are able to solve all of them.These
organizations established in various ministries and department where
sociologists are employed.Some ministries are given below:-
i)
Ministry of local Government
ii)
Social welfare and Rural
development
iii)
Population Census
iv)
Pakistan academy for rural
development
v)
Provincial department of Jail
vi)
National and international
organizations like UNICEF,UNDP or UNHER etc
iii)Administrators:The sociologists are
employed in governmental and non-governmental organizations as
administrators.They direct and guide the people about the development of
different sectors.
IMPORTANCE OF SOCIOLOGY:Sociology
proves its importance in various ways:
a)
Locating
social problems:- Where is human association or society ,there
are many problems.How to locate all of these problems? It is the responsibility
of Sociologists.They bring the attention of people towards these problems and
also differentiate between serious and less serious problems.
b)
Solution
of the problems:- If problems are located and scientifically
studied then their solution is to be possible because of the cause and effect
study. Sociological study helps sociologists to get solve these problems.
c)
Scientific
study of the problem: The sociologists are using the
scientific methods.They study the problems and make their solution possible by
Sociological knowledge.
d)
Re-Construction:
Every society is associated with economic re-construction as well as political
re-construction. It is impossible without social re-construction. Sociology
helps in political and economic re-construction.
e)
Preserve
and growth of culture:-The sociologists collect
information about culture and doing the same job like a teacher.They write
books to defend the cultural heritage.They preserve and growth cultural
heritage through teaching this as sociology to the students.
f)
Help
in assessment of Resources:-It is essential to have
assessment of the human resources and ideas about the social problems and
magnitude of labor who are involved to solve these problems.This important work
of studying social problems is done by only sociology in the society.
g)
Helps
in growth of Democracy:-There are many societies in the
world.They suffered from many problems like Prejudices and selfishness.They
should have scientific approach to solve these problems.It is the
responsibility of Sociologists to study these problems,so that democracy is
strengthen from this foundation.
h)
Comparative
study of sociology:There are various societies in all over the
world which have different culture and civilizations.It is important to have
their comparative study for the sake of growth and development.It is possible
with the help of sociology alone.
SOCIETY:Society is Latin word which mean
socious(living together in a group to fulfill the basic needs).
A
large group of people/individuals who have associating with each other .
1)
MACIVER:
Society is a web of social relationship which is always changing.
2)
LINTON:
Any group of people who have lived and worked together long enough to get
themselves organized and to think of themselves as a social unit which well
defined limits.
3)
WRIGHT:
It is a system of relationship that exist among the individuals in the groups.
SOCIETY CHARACTERISTICS:
a)
Culture: Society has its own culture
b)
Group: It is largest group of human beings
c)
Sense: It is having a sense of belonging and cooperation
d)
Needs: It satisfies the needs of its member
e)
Dependent: Everyone in the society is dependent on one another.Society
is more or less permanent association
f)
Division of labour:It should be
organized by the division of labor
g)
Survive: It has its own means of survive
h)
Social system: It is self-sufficient social system
i)
Abstract: It is abstract(because we can not see the social
relationship , but we can easily felt it)
j)
Differences: It may be having lightness and
difference on the basis of human behavior
BASIC OF SOCIETY
1)
Biological Factor
2)
Geographical Factor
3)
Socio-Cultural Factor
1)
BIOLOGICAL
FACTOR:This factor emphasize that the people are grouped and associated
with one another due to the biological needs(Basic needs).This factor is
pleading for making the human group or association.
2)
GEOGRAPHICAL
FACTOR:This is important factor which make good human behavior in the
society.Individuals/People are doing activities according to the graphical
structure.
3)
SOCIO-CULTURAL
FACTOR:This factor is responsible for making human society and controls
other two factors like Biological and Geographical factor.Cultural give
structural aspect and social give functional aspect of society.
COMPOSING THE ELEMENTS OF
SOCIETY:
A)
It is a big aggregate of people
B)
People are living together since
very long time
C)
The people are having same
culture
D)
Society is more or less permanent
association
TYPES OF SOCIETY:
I.
Static
II.
Traditional/Folk
III.
Modern
IV.
Nomadic
V.
Gemeinschaft
VI.
Sedentary
VII.
Rural
VIII.
Urban
IX.
Industrial
X.
Sacred
XI.
Secular
I)
Static Society:These societies
were remain thousands year ago.A society that experiences no or little change
from one generation to another.Non-literate and simple society is known as
Static Society.
II)
Traditional/Folk Society:This
ideal society is developed by Robert Red Field.A Fold society is small,non-literate,isolated
and having same culture.
III)
Modern Society:It is based on the
improvement(expansion) of education,technology,industry and urban life.It has
complex culture,and heterogeneous(Elements that are not the same kind or
nature)life is found.
IV)
Nomadic Society:Nomadic society
have no permanent place for living.The people change their places with their
luggage and use camel,donkey and other types of animal as a source of
transportation.They follow the cultural tradition strictly.
V)
Gemeinschaft society:Gemeininschaft
society given by FERDINAND TONNIES(community).It is ideal type of society where
people make personal friendship,kinship and close association.This type of
society is approximated by the rural agricultural society.
VI)
Sedentary Society:It is opposite
to Nomadic society.This society have permanent place of settlement in urban and
rural areas.
VII)
Rural Society: It is also called
agricultural society because the profession of most people is agriculture.The
people have homogeneity in profession,dress,language,and customs of social life
is found.They live in farmstead settlement.There is slow rate of change.This is
informal society.
VIII)
Urban Society:-given by Robert
Red Field,having a large heterogeneous population,complex division of labor,im-personal
relaitionship.There is distinction in profession,education and religion.
IX)
Industrial Society:It indicates
to an economical system and social organism established by industrial
revolution.It experiences a large scale of manufacturing goods and economic
activities.Higher social mobility and the division of labor is the best feature
of this society.The development of modern transportation and communication is
depend on this society.
X)
Sacred Society:It is permanently
stable and homogeneous.Human relationship and value system is fixed and rigid.Most
of the society of third world countries could be placed in this
category.Religion is basic ethos(Element) of Sacred society.Example:Makkah and
Madina
XI)
Secular Society:It is
non-religious and heterogeneous society which is opposite to Sacred society.
Pragmatism is a cultural ethos of this society.
COMMUNITY:Community
is the collection of two Latin words “Com”(together) and “Munis”(Serve
together).
According to these words:Community means serve together.
1.
Socrates had said about the
person who is independent of his fellow beings and is unable to live in
society/community is either beast(Darinda,Wehshi)or God.
2.
Man like trees need roots,they
must have soil to root themselves where group of man exist.Living together can
create some attachment to a particular locality.This is fundamental connection
between place and community.
3.
The basic requirement of existence
is to unite each man to other like with family , kin group and social
arrangement.The structure of these public relation is called community.
4.
The member of any small or large
group living together and such they share particular interest,basic condition
of common life is call to be community.
DEFINITIONS:
- Bogadus:-It is
a social group with some degree of “we feelings” and living in a given
area.(We feelings:To cooperate with another people to fulfill the basic
needs)
- Ogburn:-Total
organizations of social life with in a limited area.
- Davis:-It is smallest
territorial(Maqami,local)that can embrace(akhtyar krna) all aspects of
social life.
- J-Hay:-Local
society and its institution with residents identify themselves is the
community.
- Ferdinant Tonnis:It is
a product of natural will and there is a high degree of co-incidence in
the goals and ambition(arzo,tammana)of its member.
BASIC ELEMENTS OF COMMUNITY:
I.
Locality
II.
Sentiments
III.
Group of people
IV.
Particular name
V.
Common life
VI.
Spontaneous origin and growth
VII.
Permanence
I.
Locality:-A community occupies in
local area , permanent or changing.The people are belonging to their locality
and developed we feelings with other.
II.
Sentiments:-The community
sentiment is social coherence which the people inculcate with in themselves.
III.
Group of People:-Community is the
totality of individual with similar condition of life.Thus it is a group of
people living together similarly.
IV.
Particular name:-A community is
always identify by its name.
V.
Common life:In community,there is
always common life , there is no ups and down and inequality.
VI.
Spontaneous(natural)origin and
growth:-There is no community without its origin.Thus each and every community
has its own origination and growing with the passage of time.
VII.
Permanence:-Community is
permanent in nature.The membership of community is permanent and individual is
always identified by his community.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
COMMUNITY:
I.
Needs
fulfillment
II.
Territory(Elaqa/Souba)
III.
Face
to Face interaction
IV.
Common
Culture
V.
Interdependency
I.
Needs Fulfillment:-A group of
people in area fulfill their basic needs by cooperation.This group is so small
as a village,hamlet in the town or city.
II.
Territory:-In community,people
are live together in territory.The territory will be having all basic
facilities of dailylife.Like House to live,school, dispensary,post
office,mosque,shop providing things of dailylife,agricultural office and
veterinary hospital.
III.
Face to face interaction:-The
contact between members is created close face to face social interaction.The
people frequently meet with one another in different occasion like in
funeral,at birth,at marriage.
IV.
Common Culture:-Community is a
group of people having a common culture.They have their own social norms which
are different & more important than general society.The ways of the people
that doing with in the group is called the culture of community.
V.
Interdependency:-The people of
community depend on one another called organized group which perform its social
function.The institutions of community are interrelated with social structure.This
structure is a network of five basic institutions like
Family,religion,Economic,political and educational institution which are
interlinked with one another.
TYPES OF COMMUNITY:
I.
Rural Community
II.
Urban Community
I.
Rural community:-The
community which has the primary & personal relationship,face to face
interaction,dependency on each other,small size of population,low density(Gunjan
abad) of population,social control is informal by family and religion.Here land
is consider the form of wealth.
Characteristics:
1.
Small population:- The population is small and not more than
5000
Individuals
2.
Modern facilities:- They have no modern facilities like:
water, gas, telephone, hospital, industries
etc.
3.
Farmstead:- The settlement is farmstead
4.
Informal Social Control:- There is informal social control by
family and religion
5.
Endogamous:- Marriages are endogamous with in the
Bradri
6.
Homogeneous:- The population is homogeneous.
II.
Urban Community:-There
is impersonal relationship, no face to face interaction, large size of population,
high density of population, social control is formal exercised by the state and
money is the chief form of wealth.
Characteristics:
1.
Large population:- The population is large more than 5000
2.
Modern facilities:- Modern facilities are available, like water
, gas ,
hospital ,Electricity, transport, security
etc.
3.
Formal social control:- Social control is exercised by the
state
4.
Heterogeneous: - The population is heterogeneous.
Diversity in
Profession,
cast, language, religion etc. (verity of profession)
5.
Exogamous:- Marriages are exogamous outside of
the Bradri
6.
Faster Mobility:- There is faster mobility(1 jga sy
dosri jga sfr krna)
ROLE
AND STATUS: There are two basic element of social system
according to Loomis and Beegle like role and status.
ROLE:
The culturally defined set of behaviors that are considered appropriate with in
a given area.
According to the Shakespeare “The world is the stage and all the
man and woman are merely players.
Description of the Role:-All
the participants have particular role to play in collective activity. These
roles are come from the system. The tailor role and customers’ role are
interdependent aspect of collective activity. Each and every one requires something
from others. e.g: The role of doctor and patient, the role of banker and customer,
the role of father and son, the role of mother and daughter, the role of
shopkeeper and customer, the role of brother and sister. There are different
role that requires different type of behaviors to be followed to become a
successful person. e.g.: 1:-The police officer is expected as
a courageous (loyal person), 2:-An Imam peace loving and emotionally secure, 3:-A
leader full of initiative. So these persons develop personality which is
distinguishable from one another.
TYPES OF ROLE:
I.
Ascribed Role
II.
Achieved Role
I.
Ascribed
Role:-Ascribed role is assigned to individual automatically at the time
of one’s birth. Race, sex and caste are included in this category which is
rigid and fixed. The result of Role in personality. For example: Personality of
boy is quite different from a girl in Pakistani society. This ascribed role is
contrary to individual freedom of occupational choice, social mobility and
equality of educational opportunity.
II.
Achieved
Role:-Achieved Role is left upon to an individual initiative (Ibtidai
Qadam/Agaz car), abilities or efforts.
For
example every person is free to compete for the president ship of Pakistan. He/she
do this work according to the educational requirement. In the same way, an
individual can achieve the role of doctor, the role of teacher, the role of
pilot etc. After having qualification, there are many roles (multifarious
roles) which may achieved by competition. Roles are changing aspect of status
which differs from society to society and place to place. Mostly roles are
learnt during the course of socialization of an individual.
STATUS: Obviously, not all people
have the same amount, prestige or social influence which is desired by everyone
but unequally distributive in any population. There are three categories like
upper class, middle class and lower class on the basis of economic status.
TYPES OF STATUS:
I.
Ascribed Status
II.
Achieved Status
I.
Ascribed
Status:-Roles
which assigned to the person on the basis of standard on which a person have no
control.
In this category people are assigned low or high position on the basis of their
characteristics. Like as royal birth, caste birth or sex. e.g.: The prince is
ascribed by being born to particular parent instead of laborer or his children.
(Another example of sex is that males have always being chosen as a leader and
female expected to be follower. Sometime male and sometime female discriminated
against in one way on the basis of ascribed status).This is why we insist that
roles to be based on what people can do, not on the basis of who they are. In
the preindustrial society most status is ascribed. In feudal society, too a noble’s
son is noble serfs son to be a serf with rare expectations.
II.
Achieved
Status:-Roles
which assigned to the person on the basis of standard on which a person have
some control. When a status is achieved, population or
people are assigned low or high position on the basis of their ability. The
high rank of physicians before they practice medicines, industrial society is
famous in status. Its work requires the division of labor etc. We assign each
job to people who are able to do this job. If all jobs were equally difficult
and all people are equally talented it would not matter that how we decide who
should do what job. For example: Only pilot know that how to fly up the aero
plane, not other person.
SOCIAL GROUP:A
group is called social when there is an interaction, inter place among its
participants, socially approved and consider legitimate. Social interaction is
the basic condition of social group, people walking in bazar, traveling in a
bus is not social group, social interaction does not exist among them. For example:
Two persons in two different places having interaction is social group.
Although they are away from one another.
Meaning
of a group: When two or more people are in the state of interaction is called
group.
Definition:
- E.S
Bogardus: A group is a number of units of anything in close
proximately to one another.
- Ogburn
& Nimkoft: Whenever two or more individual come together and
influence one another they may be called a social group.
- Arnold
Green:
A group is an aggregate of an individual which organized and having a
common interest and activities.
- MacIver: By
group we mean any collection of human beings who are brought into social
relation with one another.
- Merrill: When
two or more than two persons are in communication for appreciable period
of time with a common purpose is called group.
ESSENTIALS OF SOCIAL GROUP:
I.
There should be at least two
persons constituting a group.
II.
There should be interaction among
its member.
III.
Persons,who have interest with
one another and make a group,they share common interest among themselves.
IV.
There is social structure which
regulate the activities of the group under normal condition.
V.
There is dependence among
members.
TYPES
OF SOCIAL GROUPS:
On the basis of size:
I.
Monod: The single person as a focus of group
relationship is 'monad'
II.
Dyad:
If two persons are in communication or in interaction then it is to be called
Dyad group.
III.
Triad:
If three persons are the part of relationship in a group then it is to be
called as Triad group.
On the basis of structure:
I.
Voluntary
Group: Voluntary group is one which a man joins of his own volition. He
agrees to be a member of it and is free
to withdraw at any time from its membership.
II.
Involuntary
Group: Involuntary group is
based on kinship such as family. A man has no choice to what family he will
belong.
III.
Delegate
Group: Delegate group is one which a man joins as' a representative of a
number of people either elected by them or nominated by some power. Parliament
is a delegate group.
On the basis of context:
I.
Primary
Group: The primary group is primary in the sense that the members are
emotionally attached together sharing their basic ways of life with one
another. In the basic affairs of life which are most essential for a social
life those who fall into mutual sharing of one another form a group prime in
importance called primary group. Emotions, attitude, ideas and habits of
individuals develop within here.
II.
Secondary
Group: The people within their contact second to the primary form
secondary group no matter whatever the type of relationship is there. The
intimacy is relatively lower than that in primary. The relations of teacher and
student, buyer and seller, voter and candidate, are secondary. The frequency,
duration, intensity and focus in interaction may be there but their degree being
lower than the one in primary group. This is second in importance of life to
the participants. He is first affected by the primary group members and later
by those in the secondary.
OR
According to C.H. Cooley, the famous American sociologists, there
are two types of social groups. They are,
(i) Primary group whose relation is direct, intimate and personal.
(ii) Secondary group whose relation is indirect, less intimate, impersonal and formal
On the basis of relation:
I.
Anti-social group: Anti-social group is one that acts
against the interest of society. A group of students that destroys public
property is anti-social group. Similarly a political party that plan to over
throw a popular government is anti-social.
II.
Pro-social group: Pro-social
group is the reverse of anti-social. It works for the larger interests of the
society. It is engaged in constructive tasks and concerned with increasing the
welfare of all the people.
III.
Pseudo-social
group: Pseudo-social group participates in the larger social group but
mainly for its gain and not for the greater good.
According to Summer He
classified the group as in-group and out-group.
I.
In-group is the group
with which the individual identifies himself, his family, tribe, sex, college,
occupation, religion, etc. by virtue of his awareness of likeness. It has inclusion of some persons and
exclusion of other persons. It has the collective pronoun 'we'. It has some
sympathy and a sense of attachment to other members of the group.
II.
Out-group is defined in
contrast between 'they' and 'we', like we are democrats and they are
communists. We are Hindus and they are Muslims. We are Brahmins and they are
Nadars . Such attitudes that "these
are my people" and that "those are not my people", produce a
sense of attachment to other members in group, while a sense of indifferences
and even antagonism to the members of out-group.
BASIS
OF ORDER IN SOCIETY:
i.
Values
ii.
Norms
iii.
Folk
ways
iv.
Mores
v.
Law
vi.
Sanctions
vii.
Taboos
i.
VALUES: Anything which is getting
importance in the life becomes a value. Its origin is not biological process
because it is social production. Values develop during living in society and
depend on social structure and culture. There is different culture in different
societies; therefore the value is different from society to society. Our values
are what we like and say well in our life. Everyone in society have desires
like; liking and selecting a thing or idea. The collectively liking provides
experiences of good things and ideas to the people, which are values. When a
natural object acquires a meaning it becomes a value and object without
meanings has no value. Attitude and values are co-relation. Some cultural
values are hereditary which transmitted from one generation to other
generation. These values are received from parents, elders or books etc. Values
are changing very slowly but sometime rapid changings occur due to social
unrest.
Examples:
1.
The tenets of Islam are great
values for Pakistani society while Confucius teachings for Chinese.
2.
Industrialization for American.
3.
Faith in Islam, safety of life,
honor to national flag and anthem, modesty of woman, respect of parents,
teachers and religion, respect for The Holy Quran and Arabic writings are our
values.
ii.
NORMS: The standard of appreciation, right and
wrong vary from culture to culture and society to society. The trend of
adjustment in society acquires the fulfillment of that expectation. If a person
fulfills the expectation of society or group he/she will be easily adjusted.
Social interaction is necessary in society. The society expect from its member
to abide by the normative behavior of their culture. Culture provides conformity
to the norms which guide our interaction pattern and reproduced during the same
process without the existence of group norms. Social norms protect our values.
Definition of social norms:
a.
Social norms are the shared
expectations of group members in a social situation.
b.
Social norms are the standard of
right and wrong in a society.
c.
Social norms are the codes of
ethics.
d.
Social norms are the customary
ways of life usually approved by people of a society.
e.
Social norms are the codes of
mutual relationship.
f.
Social norms are defined roles in
a social situation.
TYPES OF SOCAIL NORMS:
Social
norms are divided into four types which are given below:
1.
Folkways
2.
Mores
3.
Law
4.
Fashion
Function
of social norms:
1.
Control
Behavior: Social norms provide a set pattern of our behavior. The set
pattern becomes custom when society approved then people follow these customs.
After here these customs become the shared expectation of group members. These
customary ways are norms. In this way the behavior of people is controlled.
2.
Harmonize the society: The behavior of people
become patterned and systematic. People live together in the society and do the
work which created harmony among them. Due to harmony certain laws can be
applied to control them.
3.
Law and order: Law and order can maintain the society due to harmony among its
member. If the behavior of people is unsystematic, then law and order can’t be
maintained in society.
iii.
(1) Folkways: Men repeated action is habit. A repeated behavior of people become
custom and when every custom regularized by repeated behavior which maintain
the basic position in life are called Folkways.
Definitions:
- Ogburn: Folkways have become common
expression to designate custom or should behavior.
- Maciver: Folkways are the recognized or
accepted ways of behaving in society.
- Merrill: Folkways become normative and the
individual follows them for fear of possible sanction if he/she does not.
- Summer: Folkways are the product of
natural forces which man unconsciously set in operation.
- Gillin: Folkways are behavior pattern of
everyday life which generally arises unconsciously in a group.
These
are the roles of eating, drinking, meeting, departing, wearing dress etc.
Folkways are also called norms of behavior.
Examples:
- Changing
of dresses.
- Aslam
o Alaikum and responding Walaikum Salam.
- Shaking
hands and embracing while meeting.
Fashion:
1. Maciver: “By fashion we mean socially approved
sequence of variation on a customary theme .Fashion applies to such matters as
recreation, dress, ornaments, house decoration and furniture, manner of speech
popular music and literature”.
2. Davis: “Man does not live however by security alone. He yearns for
something new for variety and novelty. At first, it might be seen that this
desire could not be satisfied through social norms because the norms emphasizes
obligation and conformity”.
iv. MORES: Must behavior is called
Mores. It is the Standard of right and wrong followed by punishment, rather
than only social mockery.
Definitions:
- A.W Green: Common ways of acting which are
more definitely regarded as right and proper than the folkways and which
bring greater certainty and surety of punishment if violated are the
mores.
- Gillin: Mores are those customs and
group routines which are thought by the member of society to be necessary
to the groups continued existence.
Examples: Mores sometime
touches the border of law.
- Nikah
Ceremony.
- Namaz
e Janaza and Burial for Muslims.
- Wearing
of clothes.
- Respect
of parents.
- Restriction
on brother and sister marriage.
v. LAW: It is engine of social
control. It is social norm and social product. It is written customs and a part
of law books. Law without mores or law in conflict with the mores is dead law.
There is authority or agencies behind the law which have the power of regulate
the law and enforce the law. Agencies like Courts, police station to protect
and implement the law. In static (simple) societies, there are no highly
developed agencies to enforce the law and order.
Definitions:
- Those
acts for which there is violation and punishment has been defined are
called laws.
- Law
is a custom but refined and defined according to the social situation.
- Austin: Laws properly so called are
species of comment, but being a command agree law properly called flows
from the determinate source or emanates from a determinate authority.
Example: Not to kill a
person in the law. Not to thief, drink wine etc. These activities are crime
according to the law.
vi. Sanctions: Sanctions are the reward and punishment used
to establish social control. The establishment of sanctions led to enforce the
norms in a society. The basic purpose of sanction is to bring conformity,
solidarity, and continuity of a particular group, community and larger society.
Types:
- Positive
Sanction: Those sanction which facilitate response by reward, are positive
sanctions. E.g. Praise (Well-done, good), Noble Prize, gold medal etc.
- Negative
Sanctions: Those sanctions which impose (inflict) pain or threaten harm
are negative sanctions. E.g. Name calling, threats, commands or satire.
vii. Taboos: Taboo refers to prohibitions against acts
forbidden by the norms.
Example:
1. Abusing other is violation of mores hence a taboo.
2. Not to marry with sister, mother and son is taboo.
Difference
between Law and Custom
|
Law
|
Custom
|
||
|
Origin
|
The origin of law is
quite well known and can be traced at any time.
|
Origin
|
Custom originated in the
past.
|
|
Competent
Authority
|
Laws are given by competent
authority for implementation.
|
Behavior
|
Custom came from the regular
behavior of people.
|
|
Crime
|
Violation of laws is crime.
|
Not
Crime
|
Violation of Customs is not
crime.
|
|
Clear
& Precise
|
Laws are clear, precise and
brief as well.
|
Not
Clear and Precise
|
Customs are not clear, precise
and brief.
|
|
Implementation
|
Laws are applied to every
section of the society.
|
Implementation
|
The customs are not implemented
in society, but they develop with the passage of time.
|
|
Not
Removable
|
Laws can’t be removed from the
law books without the approval of competent authority.
|
Removable
|
There is no authority needed to
remove customs from society.
|
|
Formal
aspect
|
Laws protect formal aspect of
our life.
|
Formal
aspect
|
Customs touch few aspects of
our life.
|
CULTURE
Definition: Culture
is complex whole which include morals, law, habits, traditions, knowledge, art,
customs etc. Cultures transferred from one generation to another. OR The beliefs, way of life,
art, and customs that are shared and accepted by the people of society. Culture
is progressive, accumulative and learning process which varies from society to
society.
Types:
- Material Culture: Material culture consists on all
concrete or observable things which have physical shape. E.g. Books,
chairs, tables, telephone etc.
- Non Material Culture: Non-Material Culture consists on
abstracts things which do not have physical existence. Like customs,
values, norms, habits, beliefs, language etc.
3.
Ideal Culture: Ideal culture refers to the norms and values that the society
profess to hold written in books or speeches. E.g. Quran e Majeed is complete
code of life which refers Islamic Values. Truth, do not break promise, get
education etc are the examples of ideal culture.
- Real Culture: Real culture is that culture which we are going to practice
in daily life or which people really do.
Cultural
Patterns:
Popular way of living among the group of people is called cultural pattern. Way
of living is different one group to other.
Ethnocentrism: It is a sense of superiority. In this
sense, one culture is superior to others.
Examples:
- American says that we are superior
because we are civilized and others are barbarians because they experience
bull fight.
- Arabic people claim that we are superior
because Quran e Majeed revealed on Our Prophet, Khana Kaaba is here and we
are the belonging to the best caste of the world.
Xenocentrism:
It is
opposite to ethnocentrism. It is a sense of inferiority. A preference for
foreign ideas or products is called Xenocentrism.
Examples:
- Americans' belief that
European's produce superior automotive vehicles.
- The
belief that other countries produce better children's toys.
Cultural Shock: It is a sense of confusion. An individual suddenly come to
unfamiliar (unaware) situation, experience or disorientation (confusion), this
is known as cultural shock.
Examples:
- Americans
who travel abroad are often surprised by the varieties of foods eaten.
- Newcomers
to the UK are often shocked by buildings, by new technology etc.
- A
rural individual who is suddenly taken to a large city.
Cultural Relativism: Cultural relativism
refers to the understanding of cultures. We can easily realize the culture of
others when we see it by their perspective.
Examples:
- Rite
of Sati: It is Hindus culture they burn the wife with her husband when he
dies. If we see this culture from our perspective, then it is totally wrong
because it is barbarianism.
- Custom
of Polyandry: It is a culture existed in Philippine in which Woman may
have one or more than one husbands.
Cultural Uniformity: The similarity among all
the cultures. E.g. Family, marriage, education, language, cloth, religious
beliefs, economic and political system.
Example:
- Family:
There are different families in the world having different backgrounds.
Family is necessary part of culture.
- Marriage:
Some people of the world prefer endogamous and some experience exogamous
marriages.
- Education:
There is variety in education standard at different education institutions
at world level.
- Language:
Language is basic source of communication. Pakistani Culture use Urdu
language, but in America people use English language.
- Cloth:
Dress is used in all societies with is vary from society to society at
world level.
- Religious
beliefs: All people of the world have altered religious beliefs.
- Economic
System: Economic system depends upon the fulfillment of individuals food
needs, dress or other basic needs.
- Political
System: Political system occupy in all the societies of the world. This
system may be formal or informal that harmonies the social system.
Cultural Refuge: All those things which provide relief in worries
to the people. All people have dissatisfaction of their life and all those
things or beliefs which provide satisfaction to them, is called cultural
refuge.
Example: Recitation of
The Holy Quran, Prayer etc. are beliefs for Muslims which give satisfactory to
them.
Cultural Assimilation
(adjustment): It is a process of
making two cultures identical (same, equal).In
this process one big culture engulf in small culture. Blending or merging two
different groups into one. For example immigrants take time to adjust with the
majority people.
Cultural Variability: All things are not same in all societies and vary
from society to society. These differences lead towards cultural variability.
Examples: There is
variability in family system, religious beliefs, dresses, languages, in
marriages, education, political system and economic system, and also in
cultural values from society to society.
Cultural Diffusion (Distribution): The process by which
cultural traits of one society directly or indirectly spread to the other
societies, is called cultural diffusion.
Examples: Pajamas
introduced in India and spread to the rest of the world. Window glasses
invented in Egypt and spread into the whole world.
Factors of
cultural Diffusion:
- Transportation or social mobility
- Quick means of communication
- Through relationship
- Power of competition
- Through interaction
Hurdles in
Cultural Diffusion:
- Religious beliefs
- Lack of communication
- Isolation
Cultural Lag: Culture lag refers to the tendency
for the culture to be slow to adapt to changes in technology. OR. Cultural lag
is the difference between rate of progress of material and non-material
culture.
Example:
When Napster provided free music exchange, the record producers argued that the
practice was unfair, but yet no laws exists which made music sharing
illegal. This example highlights the lag between technology and social adaptation.
Deviance:
ž Deviance is behavior that departs
from societal or group norms
ž Norms are shared rules of
conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations in order to enforce
cultural values
ž Social norms are the shared expectations
of group members in a social situation.
ž Social norms are the standard of
right and wrong in a society
ž Social norms are code of ethics.
Deviant:
A deviant
is a person who has violated one or more of society’s most highly valued norms
For example:
Drinker, smoker, Drug abuser, killer, truancy of students, gambling, thief,
robbery, bombers, monster etc.
Types of
Deviance:
ž Deviance is often divided into two
types of deviant activities:
1.
Formal deviance -crime is the violation of formally
enacted laws.
2.
Informal deviance - violations of informal social
norms, norms that have not been codified into law.
What
causes a person to be deviant?
ž Biological —medicalization of deviance, a physical illness
ž Psychological —personality disorder
ž Sociological —socialization into deviance (symbolic interaction,
functional, and conflict perspectives)
Social
Control are
ways to encourage conformity to society’s norms
Internal
Social Control:
ž Internalization of societal norms,
doing what is right because you know it is right, or not doing something
because you know it is wrong
External
Social Control:
ž methods taken by outside forces to
promote conformity, creating outside pressure to conform
Internal social
control
ž Will you stop at a red light?
ž Will you go to your classes?
ž Will you tip your waiter/waitress?
ž Will you give the correct change to
someone?
ü If you answered yes to all of these
questions, you have internalized social norms.
Chapter# Family Institution
(02-12-2015 Wednesday)
Definitions:
- Merrill: The biological social unit
which compose a husband, wife and children, is called family.
Characteristics of Family
institution:
I.
Mating Relationship
II.
Marriage
III.
Need Satisfaction
IV.
Common Habitation
I.
Mating Relationship: Without mating relationship no
family can exist in the society. So mating relationship is important to bring
up children and family members.
II.
Marriage: It is the foundation of family. It
may arrange or love marriage.
III.
Need Satisfaction: Family meets with economic need.
Family is responsible for basic needs satisfaction.
IV.
Common Habitation: Members of family(husband, wife
and children) live together to fulfill their desires.
TYPES OF FAMILY
|
On
the basis of residence
|
On
the basis of ancestry
|
On
the basis of authority
|
On
the basis of marriage
|
On
the basis of numbers of individuals
|
|
1. Matrilocal
2. Patrilocal
3. Newlocal
|
1. Matrilineal
2.Patrilineal
|
1. Matriarchal
2.Patriarchal
|
1. Polygamy (Polyandry &
Polygyny)
2.Monogamy
|
1.Nuclear Family
2.Joint Family
3.Extended Family
4.Consanguine Family
5.Family of Orientation
6.Family of Procreation
|
ON THE BASIS OF RESIDENCE
1. Matrilocal: In this family, woman gets more
importance in society. The husband of wife moves to residence of wife’s
parents.
2. Patrilocal: Opposite to Matrilocal. In this
family, the residence of new couple move towards husband’s parents.
3. New
local: In this,
system of living is not permanent with the partner’s parents. As the couple spent
some time with the wife’s parents and some time with husband’s parents. So the
residence is changing.
ON THE BASIS OF ANCESTRY:
1. Patrilineal
Family: In this type,
the lineage is decided through the father and traced by father.
2. Matrilineal
Family: It is
opposite to patrilineal family. In this type, lineage is determined by the
mother.
ON THE BASIS OF AUTHORITY:
1. Matriarchal:
The family in which the source of
authority is considered as the female head i.e. mother. All matters are decided
by the mother.
2. Patriarchal:
Opposite of Matriarchal. The family
in which the source of authority is considered as a male head i.e. brother or
father. All matters are finally decided by the male.
ON THE BASIS OF MARRIAGE
1. Polygamy
(Poly means “more”, Gamy means “To marry”):
In this, person marries with more than once.
Types of Polygamy
a. Polyandry:
In this, woman has more than one
husband.
b. Polygyny:
In this, man has more than one wife.
2. Monogamy:
In this, a person is allowed to
marry only once.
ON THE BASIS OF NUMBER OF
INDIVIDUALS:
1. Nuclear
Family: In this type of
family, there is a husband, wife and dependent children or unmarried children.
2. Joint
Family: In this type
of family, there is a husband, wife, married and unmarried children and also
there are their brothers and sisters.
3. Extended
Family: Extended family
is similar to joint family. Difference is only of kitchen.
4. Consanguine
Family: The family
which consist of husband, wife, their children and blood relatives.
5. Family
of Orientation: The
family in which a person born. In this family a person learn about his/her
culture and other things.
6. Family
of Procreation: The family in which a person gets married. For
husband, the family of wife is procreation and for wife, family of husband is
procreation.
Functions of Family Institution:
1. Satisfaction
of Sex Need: It
is basic function satisfied by marriage.
2. Reproduction:
It is another important function of
family institute. Satisfaction of sex leads to reproduction of children.
3. Giving
love and Sympathy: All
the family members give love, affection to each other in family.
4. Socialization
of members: Members
of family socialize us and teach us about culture, tradition, norms and values.
5. Economic
Function: Family heads
fulfill the basic needs of its members to get better food, shelter, clothing
etc.
6. Social
Function: Family teaches
us social norms and values, and other formal activities.
7. Religious
function: Family also teaches
its member about their religion, mode or way of worshiping.
8. Cultural
functions: Family
teaches its member about their cultural hereditary, or about their cultural
activities.
9. Security
and Protection: Firstly,
the members of family are protected by their family, and then by others like
state.
Chapter# Marriage
Definition: Marriage is a term for social relationship
of husband and wife or of plural mates, also used for the ceremony of uniting
marital partners.
Mate Section: It refers to the finding of spouse
(partner) by man and woman.
Two methods of mating sections:
1. Exogamy:
In this, person marries outside of
group, caste, or family.
2. Endogamy:
In this, person marries within a
group, caste, or family. Marriages are conducted in the family.
TYPES OF MARRIAGE:
1. Polygamy
(Poly means “more”, Gamy means “To
marry”): In this, person marries with more than once.
Types of Polygamy
a. Polyandry:
In this, woman has more than one
husband.
b. Polygyny:
In this, man has more than one wife.
2. Monogamy:
In this, a person is allowed to
marry only once.
3. Fraternal
Polyandry: When
a woman is considered and treated as a wife of all brothers, living in a
family. Her son/daughter is considered as a son/daughter of eldest brother.
4. Non
Fraternal Polyandry: In
this, a woman is considered to have more than one husband, but it is not
essential that they should brothers. In this form, biological father would not
important.
5. Group
Marriage: The form of
marriage, in which the brothers are required to marry with the sister living
together.
6. Experimental
Marriage: In this type of
marriage, girl and boy is given a time to make understanding among themselves
for marriage, otherwise not.
7. Inter
caste marriage: Caste
system is very important in the society. Inter caste marriage is practicing in
different societies.
Types of Inter caste marriage:
a. Anuloma: When a man of higher caste marry
with a woman of lower caste, is called anuloma.
b. Pratiloma:
When a woman of higher caste marry
with a man of lower caste, is called Pratiloma.
10. Hyper
gamy: A man belonging to the nobility marries
with a woman of lower social status, is called hyper gamy.
11. Hypo
gamy: A woman
belonging to the nobility marries a man of lower social status, is called hypo
gamy.
12. Sororate
Marriage: If the wife is
died after the death, husband marries with wife’s sister (sister-in-law).
13. Levirate
Marriage: When the
husband is died, after the death of husband. Wife marries with husband’s
brother (brother-in-law).
14. Compassionate
Marriage: The ending of
marriage by mutual consent due to having no children.
15. Arranged
Marriage: The marriage
which is arranged by the agreement of both sides’ parents.
16. Love
Marriage: In this,
youngsters find their life partner and make relation by mutual understanding.
17. Swara
Marriage: Popular in
Pakhtoon society. If any conflict occur among two parties. Defaulter party
gives girl to the innocent party boy to marry.
Function of Marriage:
1. Social
Recognition: Marriages
give social recognition, the legal and sexual relationship among woman and man
as a shape of husband and wife.
2. Procreation
of Children: Children
born as a result of socially recognized marriage.
3. Sense
of Sympathy: After
the marriage, husband, wife and children show sympathy among themselves.
4. Basis
of Family: Marriages
laid down the fundamental stone for family. Without marriage the concept of
making family is incorrect.
5. Stability
in Relationship: Relationship
is stabilized with the passage of time among family members. Like in son and
daughter, father in law and mother in law.
6. Perpetuation
of Lineage: Children
perpetuate the name of their fathers and grandfathers or family.
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES OF
SOCIOLOGY
(Para
dime or theory or Theoretical Perspectives of Sociology)
1. Interactionist
Perspective:
Ø G.H.Mead and C.H Cooley these are
the founder of this theory. They concentrate on interaction between humans and
groups.
Ø Focuses on how individual make sense
of world and interpret the world.
Ø This perspective tends to focus on
the micro order of small groups.
Ø They note that people interact
through symbols, gestures, written and spoken words.
Ø Interaction between human and
groups, called symbolic interactionist perspective.
1. Functionalism:
(Recording20151209144538/727)
Ø The founder of this theory is Emile Durkheim. It seeks society as a
system of highly interrelated parts that work together harmoniously. (Like social institution that they work
together in the society for the survival of society)
Ø The image that functionalists use to
understand society is a living organism. (Each part (institutions) of society work together for the benefit of the
whole society)
Ø Each part to society works together
for benefit of the whole much like a living organism.
2.
Conflict
Theory:
Ø Conflict theory is grounded in the
work of Karl Marx. Karl Marx is the father of Conflict theory.
Ø Society is understood to be made up
of conflicting interest groups who vie for power and privilege.
Ø This dynamic result in continuous
social charge which is the normal state of affairs.
Ø Conflict theory focuses heavily on inequality
and different distribution of power and wealth.
Two conflicting groups:
Bourgeoisie: they are the capitalist, masters,
lords.
Proletariat: they are the slaves and
subordinates and being exploited by the bourgeoisie class.
Comparison of three theories of Sociology
|
Perspective
1.Structural
Functionalism
|
Scope
of Analysis
Macro
level
|
Point
of View
Various
parts of society are interdependent.
Social
system is highly stable.
Social
life governs by cooperation.
|
Focus
of analysis
Functional
and dysfunctional aspect of society.
|
|
2.Conflict
Theory
|
Macro
Level
|
Society
accommodate between competing interest groups (bourgeoisie, proletariat).
Society
unstable and prone to change
Social
life conflict laden
|
How
social inequality produce conflict.
Who
benefits from social arrangements.
|
|
3.Interactionist
|
Micro
level
|
Actions
have symbolic meanings.
Meaning
can vary.
|
How
people make sense of their word.
|
Chapter: Social
Change
1. By
social change is meant by “Such Alterations as occur in social organizations that
is structure and function of society”.
2. Variations
and modification of any aspect of social process. Like social pattern social
interaction, social organization.
Evolutionary Theory:
It has been explained that all societies during social change are passing
through a similar sequence of stages. All are passing through simplicity and
homogeneity to the complexity and heterogeneity.
1. August Comte
(1798-1857): {He
was born in France. He is known as the founder of Modern Sociology}. August
Comte saw societies are passing through three stages and each succeeding stage
is superior to the preceding stage. It means the coming stage developed stage
a. Theological stage: The belief in super
natural power.
b. Metaphysical stage: Discards belief in
Concrete God.
c. Scientific Stage: Based on scientific fact.
(Final facts, observation, experiences
discard theological stage and metaphysical stage)
2. Herbert Spencer: He was born in England (1820-1903),
and belonged to upper class family. HS was much impressed by Darwin. He adopted
his principle of evolution from Darwin. Spence apply Darwin’s “Survival of the
fittest” (concept) and proposed that
only those cultures and societies survive which are able to adjust themselves
with the changing circumstances. Those will be eliminated which are lazy and
unfit and cannot be adjusted with the changing circumstance. This view is
called Social Darwinism.
3.
Karl Marx: He was born in
Germany. He is of the view that economic factors and conditions alone are
responsible for social change. He says that continuous and regular struggle is
going on in the society in which economically weaker sections are being
exploited by economically strong ones. The weaker are trying to exist and
survive.
Regular struggles are going on in
the society and the weak section of society is being exploited by the
economically strong people.
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